In the railway industry, high-definition surveillance systems offer clearer images and improved performance, but they also bring new challenges such as increased system demands, long-distance transmission bandwidth requirements, and larger storage needs. The question is: what kind of high-definition system can effectively support the railway industry’s multi-level access, long-distance transmission, and large-scale monitoring characteristics?
Traditionally, railway video surveillance systems rely on a streaming media server at the center, commonly used in station monitoring setups. Front-end encoders or IP cameras (IPC) send unicast streams over the network to distribution or storage servers, which then convert them into multicast for on-demand delivery and storage. While this setup works well for standard definition (SD), it struggles when applied to high-definition (HD) systems due to several limitations.
First, the number of servers increases proportionally with the number of monitoring points. HD IPCs typically output 6–8 Mbps streams—three to four times that of SD—leading to a significant rise in server count and the need for upgrades. This creates performance bottlenecks and higher costs.
Second, the system has many local failure points. If one server fails, it disrupts both storage and real-time monitoring for the channels it manages. Although redundancy could help, it's rarely implemented due to cost concerns, making the system less reliable.
Third, front-end IPCs use unicast streams, meaning both storage and real-time streams share the same bandwidth. This puts more pressure on disk arrays and increases costs. To reduce storage costs, compression must be increased, which compromises image quality.
Fourth, the large number of servers and equipment racks take up space, increase energy consumption, and reduce system reliability. In emergencies or during traffic surges, the server farm may become overwhelmed.
To address these issues, a more advanced solution based on a telecom-grade softswitch architecture—NGN—is introduced. In this model, the management server handles device control, signaling, and session setup, but not the actual video streams. Both real-time and storage streams are directly transmitted to the disk array, decoder, or client, eliminating previous performance and reliability bottlenecks.
When multiple users access the same live stream, multicast technology is used, reducing bandwidth usage and improving scalability. The front-end IPC outputs a multicast stream, allowing switches to replicate the stream efficiently. This ensures smooth operation even under heavy load.
This approach offers several advantages for HD systems:
1. Server scalability is independent of the number of monitoring points. A single video management server can handle thousands of channels without performance issues.
2. With NGN’s separation of control and data planes, a server failure doesn’t interrupt real-time monitoring or storage, ensuring high system reliability.
3. Dual-stream output from the front-end allows independent configuration of storage and real-time streams, maximizing clarity while minimizing storage costs.
4. During emergencies, multicast distributes traffic efficiently, meeting the high-reliability needs of railway operations.
However, when remote access by the central dispatch is required, traditional multicast solutions face challenges in the railway’s wide area network (WAN), where bandwidth is limited. To solve this, a media forwarding server is added at the station level. This server acts as an intermediary, converting unicast to multicast as needed, ensuring efficient and reliable transmission across multiple levels.
The platform must support both unicast and multicast modes, with automatic switching based on access requirements. This hybrid approach ensures compatibility with existing infrastructure while supporting future HD expansion.
In conclusion, high-definition surveillance is becoming essential in the railway industry. Adapting existing systems to support HD requires careful planning, especially in terms of bandwidth, reliability, and scalability. The right architecture can ensure a seamless transition, paving the way for smarter, safer, and more efficient rail operations.
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