What is stainless iron
Stainless iron, often referred to as Cr stainless steel, is free from chrome and nickel, and possesses a degree of corrosion resistance. It is mistakenly thought of as having ferromagnetic properties, but in reality, it typically includes alloys like 1Cr17 (ferrite) and 1Cr13 (martensitic), as well as austenite-shaped Fe.
Stainless steel plates do not exhibit ferromagnetism, which can lead to confusion. While Ni and Cr may share some similarities with Fe, their magnetic properties differ—Fe and Ni are ferromagnetic, whereas Cr is paramagnetic. Many high-performance soft magnetic materials, such as the 1J series, are Ni-based.
When comparing stainless steel to stainless iron, the key distinction lies in the presence of nickel. Stainless iron usually refers to Japan’s SUS430 or domestically, 1Cr17. Its main chemical composition includes: C: <0.12, Si: <0.75, Mn <1.00, P: <0.035, S: <0.030, Ni: <0.60, Cr: 16.00-18.00, making it a ferritic stainless steel.
Stainless steel, on the other hand, contains both chrome and nickel. Nickel, being a stable element, enhances its corrosion resistance significantly compared to stainless iron. However, because nickel is more expensive, stainless steel tends to be pricier, with costs roughly 25-33% higher than stainless iron, though this can vary.
A simple way to differentiate between the two is through magnetic properties. Since nickel is diamagnetic, you can test for magnetic attraction using a magnet. If it sticks, it's likely stainless steel rather than stainless iron.
Steel containing more than 12.5% chromium exhibits excellent resistance to corrosion from acids, alkalis, and salts, earning it the name "stainless steel." Depending on its microstructure, stainless steel can be categorized into martensitic, ferritic, austenitic, ferritic-austenitic, and precipitation-hardening types. According to national standards (GB3280-92), there are 55 specifications. In everyday life, we encounter austenitic stainless steel (often called "nickel stainless") and martensitic stainless steel (sometimes referred to as "stainless iron"). Common austenitic grades include 0Cr18Ni9 ("304") and 1Cr18Ni9Ti. For martensitic stainless steel, typical grades include 2Cr13, 3Cr13, 6Cr13, and 7Cr17, which are often used for knives and scissors.
The internal structures of these two types of stainless steel differ due to their varying compositions. Austenitic stainless steel, enriched with chromium (around 18%) and nickel (over 4%), has an austenite structure, which lacks magnetic permeability and cannot be attracted by magnets. It is commonly used for decorative purposes, such as turbine blades, cutting tools, nozzles, valve seats, valves, gauges, and bearings. On the other hand, martensitic stainless steel is designed for tools like knives and scissors, requiring hardness for sharpness. This type undergoes heat treatment to transform its internal structure into martensite, giving it magnetic properties and allowing it to be attracted by magnets. Thus, magnetism alone cannot define whether something is stainless steel or not.
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