Superhard tool industry continues to grow at a high speed to meet market demand

**Abstract** Introduction: In recent years, China's super-hard tool industry has experienced significant growth and made remarkable progress. Driven by the superior performance of these tools and increasing market demand, the sector is expected to continue expanding at a rapid pace. The development momentum of China’s super-hard tools has become increasingly evident, with substantial achievements in various fields. Major industries such as aviation, automotive, and energy are seeking cost-effective solutions and are pushing for the localization of super-hard tools, which creates favorable conditions for the industry's continued growth. Superhard tools primarily refer to cutting tools made from advanced materials like diamond, cubic boron nitride (CBN), and ceramics. This article focuses on diamond and CBN-based tools. In 1955, General Electric (GE) in the U.S. developed a method to produce synthetic diamonds under high pressure and temperature. By 1957, cubic boron nitride was also synthesized using similar techniques. These man-made superhard materials significantly expanded the range of available materials and opened up new possibilities in the field of “superhard materials.” Initially, they were mainly used as abrasives in machining. However, in 1977, GE introduced diamond and CBN sintered bodies (PCD and PCBN), which were shaped into cutting tools. This marked a major advancement, extending the use of superhard materials from grinding to cutting, revolutionizing modern machining technology. Practical applications have shown that diamond tools can last tens or even hundreds of times longer than cemented carbide tools when cutting non-ferrous metals. Although CBN is slightly less hard than diamond, it remains the hardest material available for machining hardened ferrous metals. Many modern machining concepts—such as green machining, car grinding, milling grinding, hard machining, high-speed cutting, and dry cutting—are all made possible through the use of superhard tools. As a result, these tools have become a driving force behind the evolution of modern cutting technology. In high-speed milling operations for critical automotive components, PCD face mills used for aluminum cylinder heads can reach speeds of up to 4021 m/min with feed rates of 5670 m/min. Similarly, CBN face mills for gray cast iron cylinders can operate at speeds exceeding 2000 m/min—ten times faster than traditional carbide tools. These advancements highlight the transformative impact of superhard tools on industrial productivity and efficiency. The development of modern superhard materials and technologies has seen continuous innovation, especially in foreign markets. Companies regularly introduce new grades, improved processes, and advanced products. For example, a British company launched a multi-layer PCD grade called WPC102, featuring enhanced toughness and resistance to impact, making it suitable for complex cutting tasks such as carbon fiber composites. Another example is the CTM302 grade, which combines different particle sizes to improve wear resistance and durability. In the U.S., the COMPAX1200 PCD grade offers better heat dissipation, ideal for difficult-to-machine materials like Ti6Al14V. Single crystal diamond technology has also evolved, with most commercial single crystals now being synthetic. While natural diamonds are not recyclable, artificial ones offer high wear resistance and sharp cutting edges. However, challenges remain, including anisotropy, high processing demands, and high costs. Despite this, single crystal diamond tools are still widely used in precision applications. Looking ahead, China's superhard tool industry has made considerable progress, but there are still gaps compared to global leaders. Domestic raw material supply remains heavily dependent on imports, particularly for CBN and PCD. Additionally, the overall quality and innovation level of domestic tools need improvement. However, the industry is growing rapidly, supported by rising awareness, decreasing costs, and increased demand from key sectors. With continued investment in R&D and closer collaboration between academia, industry, and users, China's superhard tool sector is well-positioned for future success.

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