Abstract Diamonds are not just beautiful gems; their impurities play a crucial role in making them powerful tools for scientific research. These impurities can introduce color, but more importantly, they enable diamonds to act as highly sensitive sensors for measuring magnetic fields and temperature. When an impurity interacts with a nitrogen atom, it alters the diamond’s crystal structure, creating what is known as a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center. This unique defect has remarkable properties, especially when it comes to quantum spin states. The electrons within the NV center exhibit strong coherence, allowing for precise control of their quantum states. If we can maintain this coherence over extended periods, diamonds could become essential components in quantum computing as spin carriers. Moreover, they might even help uncover critical information about nerve cells and their internal processes.
The NV centers in bulk diamonds have the ability to store photons and transmit quantum data. A recent breakthrough introduced a new technique that allows nanodiamonds to form a ring-like quantum structure called SP1 by embedding themselves into the NV center. However, maintaining spin coherence in nanodiamonds at the microsecond level remains a challenge. Researchers at Cambridge University have made progress in protecting the spin state of these centers in synthetic diamonds, achieving high-resolution measurements of their rotational consistency.
Beyond the work done at Cambridge, there are currently few methods to accurately use diamond sensors with only tens of nanometers in size, which presents a major technical hurdle. Yet, the potential for building a sophisticated sensor network exists. Imagine having thousands of such tiny sensors inside a cell—though finding specific targets like a vital organ or a critical moment in sub-cellular activity would be challenging. In contrast, identifying key areas within larger structures, such as organs, is much easier.
Because the NV center fluoresces in response to temperature changes, nanodiamonds can detect minute thermal variations, down to two thousandths of a Kelvin, even in very small spaces—within 200 nm. Researchers use a scanning confocal microscope to capture this fluorescence, as it filters out all light except that from a single plane. Since NV centers are sensitive to magnetic fields and electrons, they are also used as DC magnetometers for various calculations. This means that optical detection of nuclear magnetic resonance becomes possible.
Inside living cells, temperature environments vary significantly. Processes like mitochondrial activity and centrosome function are closely tied to local heat distribution. Even neurons show distinct thermal peaks, where heat is absorbed and released in specific patterns. Understanding these dynamics is key to unraveling cellular behavior.
One challenge with nanodiamonds is ensuring they remain intact once placed inside a cell. While other techniques, such as genetically encoded thermal sensors, exist, they lack the precision and versatility of nanodiamonds. If these nanodiamonds can be attached to proteins—like the SP1 mentioned earlier—they could become ideal tools for observing and decoding the inner workings of cells. (Excerpt from "Nanodiamond sensors allow for complete surveillance at the cell level". Translation: Ma Yanping)
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