How to use vitamin additives reasonably
Although vitamins are required in small amounts, they play a crucial role in various metabolic processes and act as catalysts for essential biochemical reactions in the body. No other substance can replace the unique functions of each vitamin. A deficiency in any vitamin can lead to significant adverse effects on an animal's growth, development, and overall health. Therefore, it is essential to supplement the diet with the necessary vitamins to meet the body’s requirements. Determination of Vitamin Feed Standards 1. The standard of feeding vitamins is the demand value of various vitamins in animals. In the 1980s, China established some basic standards for vitamin feeding in certain animals, but these have not been updated for many years. In contrast, the National Research Council (NRC) provides comprehensive guidelines that cover a wide range of species and include detailed nutritional data. The NRC standard represents the minimum requirement to prevent severe vitamin deficiencies. However, companies like Roche, which specialize in vitamin production, often recommend higher levels to optimize animal health and productivity. These optimal levels are typically several times higher than the NRC recommendations. When formulating vitamin supplements, it is important to set standards that are higher than the NRC level, taking into account factors such as feed type, animal health, environmental conditions, cost, and storage duration. Special attention should be given to animals under stress, as their vitamin requirements may increase significantly. 2. Appropriate over-application of vitamins. Many vitamins have low stability and can degrade during feed processing and storage, reducing their potency. To ensure adequate intake, it is common to add more than the required amount, acting as a safety margin. However, the amount of over-application varies depending on the stability of each vitamin. 3. Choose vitamin preparations. There are single-vitamin products and multi-vitamin premixes available. Depending on the application, you can either mix individual vitamins or use pre-made combinations. Small-scale producers often prefer multi-vitamin premixes. Due to the complexity of testing and evaluating vitamin quality, it is advisable to choose products from reputable manufacturers known for high-quality standards. 4. Pay attention to the effective content, potency, and stability of commercial products. Most commercial vitamins are not 100% pure. For example, vitamin E is often only 50% active, choline chloride is also around 50%, and biotin is commonly 2%. The activity of DD-calcium pantothenate is usually about 50%. Therefore, when purchasing and using vitamins, it is important to consider their actual potency and make appropriate conversions. Different forms of the same vitamin can vary in stability. For instance, vitamin A palmitate is more stable than vitamin A alcohol, and vitamin E acetate is more stable than vitamin E alcohol. Similarly, nitrothiamine is more stable than thiamine hydrochloride, and polyphosphates are more stable than vitamin C. In practice, it is best to use the most stable forms of vitamins whenever possible. 5. Pay attention to the independent addition of choline and vitamin C. Choline and vitamin C are prone to moisture absorption and can interfere with the stability of other vitamins. As a result, they are generally not included in standard vitamin premixes. Most commercial multi-vitamin products do not contain them. Therefore, when selecting a multi-vitamin supplement, it is important to add choline and vitamin C separately according to the specific needs of the animals. 6. Flexibly adjust vitamin feeding standards based on actual conditions. Vitamin requirements should not be fixed but adjusted according to the formula, breeding environment, season, and other factors to ensure that animals receive sufficient vitamins under real-world conditions. For example, high calcium and phosphorus diets may require increased levels of vitamin A and D to improve mineral absorption. During breeding periods, increasing vitamin E and biotin can support reproductive performance. In hot weather or stressful conditions, the levels of multivitamins, especially vitamin C, should be raised. If signs of vitamin deficiency appear, the corresponding vitamins should be supplemented accordingly. 7. Necessary dilution and preservation of vitamins. Due to their small dosage, vitamins can react with each other or with other additives, reducing their effectiveness. It is best to prepare larger dilutions before mixing them with other ingredients. This helps lower the concentration and ensures better uniformity. Especially when combining with choline, trace elements, or acid-base compounds, proper dilution is essential. A common carrier used for this purpose is defatted corn starch. Vitamins are sensitive to light, heat, and moisture, so they should be stored in cool, dark, and dry places. Once opened, they should be used as soon as possible, ideally within one month.
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