Mildew corn toxin types and treatment measures

Corn is a primary ingredient in the diets of livestock and poultry. Feeding animals with moldy corn over a long period can not only harm the animals themselves but also leave harmful substances in their bodies, which may pose hidden risks to human health. When corn becomes moldy, it can be contaminated by mycotoxins—metabolites produced by molds. **1. Types of Corn Mycotoxins** 1.1 **Toxoplasma Toxin**: This toxin primarily affects the respiratory system, causing symptoms such as difficulty breathing, gasping, and shortness of breath. Affected animals may also show signs of lethargy, loss of appetite, weight loss, increased thirst, and fever. In severe cases, diarrhea may occur, and post-mortem examinations might reveal yellow-white cheesy-like nodules in the lungs of infected chicks. 1.2 **Aflatoxin B1**: This toxin mainly damages the liver, leading to degeneration and necrosis of liver cells, acute liver injury, and subcutaneous bleeding. It can also reduce semen volume in roosters, cause embryo death, lower hatching rates, and decrease egg production. Recovery may take several weeks, and eggs may become smaller with reduced yolk weight. Additionally, it weakens the immune system, increasing susceptibility to diseases like coccidiosis, Marek’s disease, and Salmonella. 1.3 **F-2 Toxin**: This toxin harms the reproductive system and tissues sensitive to sex hormones, acting similarly to estrogen. Some chickens may develop pseudo-hen characteristics, with ovarian swelling and damage to the oviducts. Eggshell thickness and specific gravity may decrease, and pigmentation may become poor. 1.4 **T-2 Toxin**: This toxin affects the oral mucosa of chickens, causing corrosive and exudative damage. Lesions may appear as scaly tissue deformations in oral ulcers, salivary glands, and mucous glands. It can also lead to reduced egg production and an increase in shell eggs. 1.5 **Ochratoxin**: This toxin mainly targets the kidneys, causing white urine and urate deposits in kidney organs. It can also lead to immunosuppression, early embryo death, decreased fertilization and hatching rates, and increased embryonic malformations. Other symptoms include diarrhea and weight loss. **2. Treatment Measures for Lightly Polluted Corn** 2.1 **Dilution**: A small amount of mildly moldy corn can be gradually mixed with normal corn for use. 2.2 **Washing**: Moldy corn should be crushed, soaked in 3–4 times its weight in water, stirred, and rinsed twice daily until the soaking water becomes clear. It should be used as soon as possible after washing. 2.3 **De-embryo Detoxification**: Most toxins are concentrated in the germ of the corn. By grinding the corn into particles of 1.5–4.5 mm and soaking it in 5–6 times its weight in water, the germ can float to the surface due to its low density and be removed or discarded with the water. 2.4 **Physical Adsorption**: Minerals such as aluminum silicate salts, zeolite, bentonite, activated carbon, and diatomaceous earth can adsorb mycotoxins. Bovine serum albumin and esterified mannooligosaccharides may also help. 2.5 **Chemical Treatment**: Lime water, soda, hydrogen peroxide, or synthetic laxatives like magnesium sulfate can be used to neutralize toxins. 2.6 **Supplementary Nutrients**: Adding vitamins A, D, E, K, folic acid, organic selenium, methionine, and other nutrients can help alleviate poisoning effects. Organic acids, probiotics like lactic acid bacteria and yeast, and enzyme formulations may also support detoxification. **3. Processing Heavily Polluted Corn** Corn that is severely moldy should be purchased separately, stored in a dedicated warehouse, and sent for quality testing. If the toxin levels exceed safe limits, the corn should only be sold as industrial grain and not used for food or feed. It must be destroyed and not reused. In summary, moldy corn poses serious risks to both animals and humans. Even lightly contaminated corn should be handled carefully, and long-term use is strongly discouraged. Proper treatment and management are essential to minimize the dangers associated with mycotoxins.

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