Mildew corn toxin types and treatment measures

Corn is a primary raw material in the diets of livestock and poultry. Feeding animals with diets containing moldy corn over a long period can not only harm the animals but also leave harmful substances in their bodies, posing hidden risks to human health. When corn becomes moldy, it can be contaminated by mycotoxins, which are toxic metabolites produced by molds. **1. Types of Corn Mycotoxins** 1.1 **Toxoplasma Toxin**: This toxin primarily affects the respiratory system, causing symptoms such as difficulty breathing, gasping, and shortness of breath. Affected animals may also show lethargy, loss of appetite, weight loss, increased thirst, and fever. In severe cases, diarrhea may occur. Post-mortem examination of infected chicks often reveals yellow-white cheesy-like nodules on the lungs. 1.2 **Aflatoxin B1**: This toxin is highly damaging to the liver, leading to liver cell degeneration, necrosis, and acute liver damage. It can also cause subcutaneous hemorrhaging, reduced semen volume in roosters, embryo death, lower hatching rates, and decreased egg production. Recovery may take several weeks, and eggs may become smaller with reduced yolk weight. Aflatoxin B1 also weakens the immune system, making animals more susceptible to diseases like coccidiosis, Marek’s disease, and Salmonella. 1.3 **F-2 Toxin**: This toxin mainly affects the reproductive system and tissues sensitive to sex hormones, exhibiting estrogen-like effects. Some chickens may develop pseudo-hen characteristics, with ovarian swelling and fallopian tube damage. Eggshell thickness and specific gravity decrease, and pigmentation problems may also occur. 1.4 **T-2 Toxin**: This toxin attacks the oral mucosa of chickens, causing corrosive and exudative damage. Symptoms include scaly tissue deformation in oral ulcers, salivary gland and mucous gland damage, and a reduction in egg production with an increase in shell eggs. 1.5 **Ochratoxin**: This toxin primarily harms the kidneys, resulting in white urine and urate deposits in the kidney organs. It also causes immunosuppression, early embryo death, reduced fertilization and hatching rates, and increased embryo malformations. Diarrhea and weight loss are also common symptoms. **2. Treatment Measures for Slightly Polluted Corn** 2.1 **Dilution**: A small amount of mildly moldy corn can be gradually mixed with normal corn for use, reducing the risk of mycotoxin exposure. 2.2 **Washing**: Moldy corn should be crushed and soaked in 3–4 times its weight in water. Stirring and soaking twice daily until the water runs clear helps remove toxins. The cleaned corn should be used as soon as possible. 2.3 **De-embryo Detoxification**: Most mycotoxins are concentrated in the germ of the corn. By grinding the corn into particles of 1.5–4.5 mm and soaking it in 5–6 times its weight in water, the germ can float to the surface and be removed, effectively reducing toxicity. 2.4 **Physical Adsorption**: Minerals such as aluminum silicate salts, zeolites, bentonite, activated carbon, and diatomaceous earth can adsorb mycotoxins. Additionally, bovine serum albumin and esterified mannooligosaccharides are also effective in binding and neutralizing these toxins. 2.5 **Chemical Treatment**: Lime water, soda, hydrogen peroxide, or synthetic salt laxatives like magnesium sulfate can be used to reduce the impact of mycotoxins. 2.6 **Supplementary Nutrients**: Providing adequate amounts of vitamins A, D, E, K, folic acid, organic selenium, and methionine can help alleviate the toxic effects. Organic acids, probiotics like lactic acid bacteria and yeast, and enzyme formulations also support detoxification and improve animal resilience against mycotoxins. **3. Processing Heavily Polluted Corn** Corn that is severely moldy should be purchased centrally, stored in a dedicated warehouse, and sent for quality testing immediately. If the toxin levels exceed safe limits, the corn must be sold as industrial grain and never used for food or feed. It should be destroyed and not reused under any circumstances. In conclusion, while moldy corn can be used in feed with proper treatment, long-term feeding of even lightly contaminated corn can pose serious health risks to both animals and humans. Therefore, strict monitoring and appropriate handling of moldy corn are essential to ensure the safety of both livestock and consumers.

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