How to use vitamin additives reasonably
Although vitamins are needed in small amounts, they play a crucial role in various metabolic processes and act as catalysts for essential biochemical reactions in the body. Each vitamin has a unique function that cannot be replaced by any other substance. A deficiency in vitamins can lead to serious health issues, affecting growth, development, and overall performance in animals. Therefore, it's important to ensure that the required vitamins are included in daily feed to meet the nutritional needs of the animals.
Determination of Vitamin Feed Standards
1. The standard of feeding vitamins is the demand value of various vitamins in animals. In the 1980s, China developed some vitamin feeding standards for specific animals, but these have not been updated for many years. Meanwhile, the NRC (National Research Council) standards from the United States offer a more comprehensive and detailed set of guidelines. These standards represent the minimum requirement to prevent significant vitamin deficiencies. However, some leading manufacturers like Roche provide optimal levels that enhance both health and production performance. These optimal levels are often several times higher than the NRC standards. When formulating vitamin supplements, it’s essential to determine the appropriate level based on factors such as feed type, animal health, environmental conditions, cost, and storage time. Especially under stress, the vitamin content in the feed should be increased to meet the heightened demands of the animals.
2. Appropriate over-application of vitamins. Most vitamins are not very stable and can degrade during processing and storage, reducing their potency. To ensure that animals receive adequate amounts, an excess is usually added as an insurance factor. However, the amount of this excess varies depending on the stability of each vitamin.
3. Choose vitamin preparations. There are single-vitamin products and multi-vitamin premixes available. Depending on the situation, you can either mix individual vitamins or use ready-made premixes. Small-scale producers often prefer multi-vitamin premixes. Since testing and evaluating vitamin quality can be complex, it's advisable to choose products from reputable manufacturers known for high-quality standards.
4. Pay attention to the effective content, potency, and stability of commercial vitamins. Many commercial vitamin products are not 100% pure. For example, vitamin E may only be 50% active, choline chloride is often 50%, and biotin is typically around 2%. The activity of DD-calcium pantothenate is also commonly only 50%. Therefore, when purchasing and using vitamins, it's important to consider their actual potency and make proper conversions. Different forms of the same vitamin can vary in stability—such as vitamin A palmitate being more stable than vitamin A alcohol, or vitamin E acetate being more stable than vitamin E alcohol. It’s best to use the most stable forms whenever possible.
5. Pay attention to the independent addition of choline and vitamin C. Choline and vitamin C are prone to moisture absorption and can damage other vitamins, so they are generally not mixed with other vitamins. Most commercial multi-vitamin products do not include them. When selecting a multi-vitamin supplement, it’s important to add the correct amounts of choline and vitamin C separately according to the feeding requirements.
6. Flexibly adjust vitamin feeding standards according to actual conditions. Vitamin requirements shouldn’t be static; they should be adjusted based on the formula, environment, season, and other factors to ensure that animals receive the necessary nutrients under real-world conditions. For instance, high calcium and phosphorus diets may require more vitamin A and D to improve mineral absorption. During breeding periods, increasing vitamin E and biotin can support reproductive health. In hot weather or stressful situations, the level of multivitamins, especially vitamin C, should be increased. If animals show signs of deficiency, the corresponding vitamins should be supplemented accordingly.
7. Necessary dilution and preservation of vitamins. Due to the small dosage, vitamins can react with each other or with other additives, reducing their effectiveness. It’s best to prepare larger dilutions before mixing them with other ingredients. This helps lower the concentration and ensures even distribution. Especially when mixing with choline, trace elements, or acid-base additives, proper dilution is crucial. A common carrier used for this purpose is defatted corn starch. Vitamins are sensitive to light, heat, and moisture, so they should be stored in a cool, dry, and sealed place. Once opened, they should be used as soon as possible, ideally within one month, to maintain their potency.
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