Qing Dynasty porcelain background and characteristics
In the pre-stage of the Qing Dynasty porcelain Jiaqing Dynasty, the legacy of the Qianlong Dynasty was basically preserved, but on the whole, it was far less than the prosperity of the Qianlong. At that time, there were some fine products in the pastels and blue-and-white flowers, especially the coral reddish pastels and gold-plated instruments. The color glaze has a certain amount of blush, indigo, sauce glaze, yellow glaze, melon green, bean blue, Yunxia glaze and stone green. The varieties of imitation brothers, officials, kiln and tea leaves are also continuing to be produced. At that time, the literati class was popular with snuff, and the porcelain snuff bottle was not only pastel, but also the number of blue and white glaze carvings. In the pattern, more famous scenic spots and landscapes, the figure of the ladies in the characters, with the decorative features of the Qing Dynasty.
Daoguangchao's blue-and-white glaze and color glaze have all faded. Although the number of pastel porcelains is large, the variety and shape have been greatly reduced. The lotus-shaped plates and bowls are prominent in the products. There are a small number of "Chen De Tang" models and "囗竹主" models of pastels, indigo gold and red paper gold is more delicate. In addition, the yellow glaze imitation ivory made by Chen Guozhi is an excellent work of this period.
In Tongzhi and Guangxu, the whole society was in turmoil and decline. During this period, in the porcelain industry of Jingdezhen, although the kiln did not stop production, most of the kiln was made up of court weddings, birthday celebrations and rewards. Although the production of the folk kiln, there is no special exquisite work, but the number is huge. From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, there were some better antique porcelains in the folk kiln, but this was not the mainstream of the porcelain industry at that time.
With the competition of Japanese porcelain and the development of European porcelain, especially after the Opium War, China's domestic porcelain industry is gradually declining. In the first half of the 20th century, the porcelain industry was even more declining. After entering the 1950s, Jingdezhen in the porcelain city began to wake up. Some famous kiln were interrupted for a period of time and also received a new life.
The porcelain of the Qing Dynasty was still centered on Jingdezhen. In the melee of the Ming Dynasty, Jingdezhen was also seriously damaged, the kiln was dying, and the craftsmen were scattered. It was not until the eleventh year of Qing Shunzhi that production resumed. Jingdezhen was rebuilt as a royal kiln. The products of this period have obvious transitional characteristics. The carcass is thick and heavy, and the production is slightly rough. Generally, the bottom is beveled and the sand is adhered. The utensils are applied with yellow glaze along the mouth, which is different in shade and yellowish brown. It is an important feature of the Shunzhi period.
During the Kangxi period, Jingdezhen's imperial kiln factory was gradually restored and its product quality was improved. It was slightly improved compared with the previous generation. Therefore, some people think that the ceramics of the Qing Dynasty should be calculated from the Kangxi period. This period occupied an important position in the development of porcelain throughout the Qing Dynasty. In the seventeenth year of Emperor Kangxi, he sent officials from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to Jingdezhen, where he was inspected and built, and set a precedent for the name of the official kiln called the name of the kiln official. For example, he had the “King Kiln†and “Lang Kiln†representing the level of porcelain at that time.
Kangxi porcelain has a wide variety of styles, and its shape is universal. The carcass is thick and heavy. The same size of the utensils is heavier than other objects in the Qing Dynasty. The larger works adopt the technique of segmental forming and overall combination, the tire repairing process is fine, and there is no trace at the junction. The main colors of Kangxi multicolored are red, yellow, purple, green, blue, black, etc., rarely use blue and white, depicting exquisiteness; another feature is that in the works of the late Kangxi, the characters' faces are only outlined with outlines and not filled with color.
Imitation of the famous porcelain of the previous generation is also the production characteristics of this period. For example, the ancient bronzes are imitated in the shape, and the glaze patterns of the famous kiln are imitated in style. This kind of imitation depends to a large extent on the appearance of a variety of color glazes, such as snake skin green, carp yellow, jade, yellowing and so on. In the forty-four years of Emperor Kangxi, Langham was the governor of Jiangxi, and he also took charge of the kiln affairs. During his tenure, he vigorously promoted the innovation of porcelain. The varieties of Bean Red, Lang Kiln, Carmine, Sacrifice, Sprinkle Blue, Melon Green, Peacock Blue, Bean Green, Gold and Silver Glaze, etc. appeared in various colors.
The enamel and pastels are major inventions of this period. The enamel is a kind of decorative technique introduced from abroad. The initial enamel is the first color in the unglazed place of the carcass. After painting the flowers, there are flowers and birds. Pastel is a new variety produced by the influence of enamel on the basis of Kangxi's multicolored. When depicting character costumes or plant flowers, first use the "glass white" containing arsenic to make a base, and then blend the color with musk oil. Material rendering. The effect is lighter and softer, visually softer than multicolored, so it is also called "soft color."
The style of porcelain painting in the late Kangxi period was influenced by the famous "four kings" of the time. The decorative contents were mostly landscapes, costume figures, fairy arhats, ladies and women.
The Yongzheng period was considered to be one of the flourishing seasons of the Qing Dynasty. Its porcelain production reached the highest level in history, and the production of the finest crown was incomprehensible. The overall style is light and handsome, elegant and round. The pastels of this period were the most prominent, and they were popular, which replaced the status of Kangxi's multicolored and became the mainstream of glaze. Yongzheng pastels are not only painted in white, but also painted in various colors, such as coral red, light green, sauce and ink. The shape of the Yongzheng porcelain is different from that of the previous generation. It is a change of the ancient style of Kangxi. It is light and handsome, elegant and exquisite, and the lines are soft and round. Its carcass material selection is extremely fine, the wall is thin and light, uniform, and the fluoroscopy is slightly light green. It is translucent. On the ornamentation, the production of blue and white glaze in the underglaze color reaches the peak stage, blue and white. The glaze red is fired in the same atmosphere, and both colors are very bright.
In the six years of Yongzheng, Tang Ying to Jingdezhen Royal Kiln Factory supervised the production of porcelain and achieved great results. The green glaze firing technology has reached the highest level in history, and the famous kiln products such as official, brother, scorpion and scorpion have also been very successful. The iron crystal glaze, such as tea leaves and rust flowers, which came out during the Kangxi period, reached its peak at this time. Later, in the "Tao Cheng Ji Shi" made by Tang Ying, the main crafts of the Jingdezhen Royal Kiln Factory were concluded, and there were as many as 57 articles. Many color glazes have also matured during this period, such as offering red, offering blue, pinking and so on.
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