1. Characteristics of dangerous chemical spill accidents
The characteristics of major hazardous chemical spill accidents are: high risk, high risk, sudden and strong, and difficult to handle. Major spills are dangerous and fires and explosions may occur at any time. This requires that the equipment used by the disposer must be made of non-sparking materials in the case of diffuse flammable and explosive gases. It is wealth, that is, life, dealing with a loss of one minute earlier, which requires the use of plugging technology must be effective and effective; sudden, that is, the leak may occur at any time, any place, any unexpected environment This requires that the plugging technology adopted is flexible and adaptable, and can effectively block the leakage in complex geometric constraints and harsh physical and chemical environments. The difficulty in handling refers to the side leakage and the technical complexity. However, as far as the plugging technology itself is concerned, in order to facilitate the promotion and use, it is also necessary to simplify the operation as much as possible and at a glance. Therefore, it is safe, rapid and effective, wide in application and convenient in operation. It is the basic requirement for the use of plugging technology and equipment when handling the leakage of dangerous chemicals. 2. The main cause of leakage of hazardous chemicals
There are many reasons for the leakage of hazardous chemicals, but there are mainly the following seven.
(1) Natural disasters. Natural earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, typhoons, tornadoes, floods, landslides, mudslides, lightning strikes, and periodic outbreaks of sunspots, causing natural disasters such as changes in the Earth's atmospheric circulation, can cause serious damage and damage to chemical companies. If the power failure or water stop is caused by this, the chemical reaction will be out of control and a fire or explosion will occur, resulting in leakage of hazardous chemicals.
(2) There are defects in surveying and design. If the site is not properly selected, the safety distance is insufficient, and so on.
(3) There are problems in equipment and technology. If the quality of the equipment does not meet the requirements of relevant technical standards; facilities such as anti-explosion, fire prevention, lightning protection, and pollution prevention are incomplete and unreasonable, maintenance management is not implemented, etc.; equipment is aging, with faulty operation. In the chemical production process, there are generally certain pressures, temperatures, and even high temperatures and high pressures. Many raw materials, intermediates and products are corrosive and so on, which can easily lead to aging and failure of equipment, and various tubes, valves and pumps. , room, tower, kettle, tank, etc. produce run, run, drip, leak.
(4) Violation of the operating procedures. Many chemical companies, especially private chemical companies, have increased dramatically. Many of the employees are not high-quality and have not undergone rigorous and systematic training. In addition, the implementation of the rules and regulations, labor discipline, and dangerous chemicals leakage accidents. For example, on April 20, 2004, the Kyoto Gold Smelter in Huairou District of Beijing, due to violations of the regulations by two on-duty workers, while leaving the post, caused more than 20 tons of cyanide-containing liquid to leak, resulting in 3 deaths and 8 people. The serious consequences of poisoning injuries.
(5) Leakage of hazardous chemicals caused by traffic accidents. The transport unit does not apply for the formalities of the express transportation. The pilots and escorts have not received special training. The transport vehicles fail to meet the prescribed technical standards. They are overloaded, overloaded, mixed and transported, not operating according to the prescribed routes and time slots, and even driving illegally. Etc., it is very easy to cause traffic accidents and lead to the leakage of hazardous chemicals. According to statistics, in recent years, hazardous chemicals leakage accidents that occurred during transportation have accounted for about 30% of the total number of accidents.
(6) Man-made destruction. The shocking Japanese Tokyo Metro "Sharin gas incident" was carried out by the Japanese cult organization "Aum Shinrikyo". The incident killed 10 people, 75 people were seriously poisoned, and more than 5,500 people were sent to 234 hospitals for rescue. . It is important to note that terrorists may at any time create hazardous chemical spills, harm the people and undermine social stability.
(7) The war led to the leakage of hazardous chemicals. In the war, both sides of the war will often use the other party's production and storage of hazardous chemicals as the target of attack and hostile destruction, resulting in the leakage of hazardous chemicals. There are also compounds that are called “dual-use poisons†by the UN Disarmament Commission, such as hydrocyanic acid, phosgene, chlorine, and phosphorous hydrazides. They are chemical raw materials in peacetime and can be quickly converted into military production in wartime. Military poisons are used in warfare. Once such chemicals are leaked, their killing power is no less than the use of chemical weapons.
3. Hazard of hazardous chemicals leakage
The leakage of hazardous chemicals will seriously threaten the lives of the people, cause huge economic losses, damage the ecological environment, and affect social stability.
(1) Leakage of hazardous chemicals will endanger the lives of the people. When a hazardous chemical leaks and toxic substances enter the human body, they can interact with important substances in the cells such as enzymes, proteins, nucleic acids, etc., thereby changing the content and structure of intracellular components, destroying the normal metabolism of the cells, and causing the body. Dysfunction, causing poisoning. Moreover, due to the different hazard states of various toxic substances, the path of poisoning is different. If the polluted air can be inhaled through the respiratory tract and absorbed by the skin; the poison droplets can be poisoned by skin penetration, such as sand droplets falling on the skin, it is easy to penetrate into the skin; ingestion, accidental drinking of poisoned food, Water, you can absorb poisoning through the digestive tract. Furthermore, due to the different physical and chemical properties of various toxic substances, different poisoning symptoms can be produced, resulting in different damage effects. Such as sarin, benzene, organic phosphorus, chlorinated hydrocarbons and other neurotoxic agents, can poison the nervous system through the respiratory tract, skin; chlorine, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, phosgene, hydrogen sulfide, sulfates, nitrogen oxides, isocyanates Classes and other poisons, respiratory tract poisoning through the respiratory tract (ester toxic substances can also be absorbed through the skin); carbon monoxide, aniline, nitrobenzene, and hydrogen cyanide can cause blood system toxicity (ie, systemic poisoning). On December 23, 2004, a large natural gas blowout accident occurred in Gaoqiao Town, Kai County, Chongqing. Due to the high concentration of highly toxic hydrogen sulfide gas in the natural gas discharged from the effluent, 243 people were poisoned and 2142 people were hospitalized for different degrees of poisoning. There are still many dangerous chemicals leaked, and there will be a large number of casualties when an explosion or fire occurs in the fire source. For example, on March 5, 1998, after the leakage of liquefied gas from the Liquefied Petroleum Gas Management Institute of Xi'an, China, the electric spark caused explosion and burning, resulting in the death of seven fire officers and soldiers and five employees of the LNG management station. More than 10 fire officers and soldiers were killed. Seriously injured and disabled.
(2) Leakage of hazardous chemicals can cause serious economic losses. According to relevant information, during the 40 years from 1953 to 1992, there were thousands of dangerous chemical spills that cost more than 100 million U.S. dollars worldwide.
(3) Leakage of hazardous chemicals will cause damage to the ecological environment. The 1991 Gulf War caused damage to oil wells, oil storage facilities and chemical companies in the countries concerned. A large amount of leaked crude oil seriously polluted the nearby seas and onshore facilities, resulting in the death of a large number of seabirds and fish, oil wells, oil storage and oil refining. After the fire broke out in the facility, a large area of ​​cities and villages covered the clouds, and the polluted clouds drifted to southern Europe. Even the southern part of the Himalayas was mixed with black oil and water, which caused great damage to the ecological environment of the vast areas. |